Natan Sharansky (Natan Shcharansky; born January 20, 1948) is a Soviet-born Israeli politician, human rights activist and author who spent nine years in Soviet prisons for allegedly spying for the American Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). Natan Sharansky has served as Chairman of the Executive of the Jewish Agency since June 2009.
On March 15, 1977 Sharansky was arrested on multiple charges including high treason and spying for an American agency (Defense Intelligence Agency). The accusation stipulated that he passed to the West lists of over 1,300 refuseniks, many of which were denied exit visas because of their knowledge of state secrets, which resulted in a publication by Robert C. Toth, “Russ Indirectly Reveal ‘State Secrets’: Clues in Denials of Jewish Visas”. High treason carried the death penalty. The following year, in 1978, he was sentenced to 13 years of forced labor.
Sharansky spent time in the Lefortovo Prison in Moscow, followed by Vladimir and Chistopol prisons, where for part of the time he was placed in solitary confinement. His health deteriorated, to the point of endangering his life. Later he was detained in Perm 35, a post-Stalin-Gulag-type so-called “strict regimen colony” in Perm Oblast. He kept himself sane during solitary confinement by playing chess with himself, in his head.
As a result of an international campaign led by his wife, Avital Sharansky (including assistance from East German lawyer Wolfgang Vogel, New York Congressman Benjamin Gilman and Rabbi Ronald Greenwald), Sharansky was released on 11 February 1986 as part of a larger exchange of detainees. He was the first political prisoner released by Mikhail Gorbachev due to intense political pressure from Ronald Reagan.
In 1995 Sharansky and Yoel Edelstein founded the Yisrael BaAliyah party (a play of words, since “aliya” means both Jewish emigration to Israel, and “rise”, thus the party name means “(People of) Israel immigrating (to the State of Israel)”, as well as “Israel on the rise”), promoting the absorption of the Soviet Jews into Israeli society.